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The three communication theories I have applied to provide the most insight into understanding the dynamics of the observed conversation between two people are; the transmission model (Shannon Weaver 1949), Fuller’s ecological model (Fouler 2004), and an expanded model of communication (Munson 2012). In this essay I have used a conversation I had listened to which was between my friend (from here on will be named George) and his friend (from here on will be named Mark). Problems that arose during the conversation will be explained as well as how George and Mark overcame them. We will write a custom essay sample on Essay and referencing or any similar topic only for you Order Now From there the essay will compare and contrast the three communication theories and decide which of these best simplify the conversation. Complexities of the conversation I was asked by George to take him down to the pub to meet up with Mark for a couple of games of pool, whilst chatting over a cold beer. George is nearly completely illiterate due to him leaving school at the age of 12, moving to the Northern territory and working on a cattle farm up until the age of 19, where he then moved back to Lissome. Mark is completely deaf and has next to no ability to lip read (this I had not known until I met him). Both George and Mark do not know sign language of any kind. George and has learnt to use abbreviations in text messages, which is about the extent of his written language capabilities. Problems that arose George had been avoiding this meeting because he finds the conversations very difficult, and this usually leads to heated discussions, especially when the conversations centered on Mark’s granddaughter (which George has always had affectionate feelings for but never acted upon). Both George and Mark have their own perceptions on what is going on in her life, which has, and still causes either Mark or George to have expectations from the other, and creates selective perceptions (Withes 2009). This introduces psychological noise and detracts from the meanings of some of the messages in the conversation. A one way lack of tone and inflection in the voice to communicate feelings and emotions more clearly can provide misunderstanding in the meaning of some messages. Language barrier from non-literate to literate people poses the greatest barrier to messages both to and from each other. Feedback is restricted to kinesics emblems, regulators, and illustrators (De Vito 2001). George aged 2 and Mark aged 64 both have different educational backgrounds in which written communication differs. Text messaging or testing (Shaw et al. 2007) can be a major source of misinterpretation, though Mark has been using his mobile phone for some time now. This leads to the conclusion that this increases the communication abilities of how Mark can interact with George, though there is still the written language barrier between them (Kumara et al. 2011). How George and Mark overcome these problems The over emphasis of kinesics emblems, regulators, and illustrators (De Vito 2001) had o be used as feedback due to the lack of language being used by George. Facial expressions become very important for Mark and George to try to convey their own, and comprehend each other’s emotions, from understanding to frustration. Increased eye contact which would make most people more nervous and defensive (De Vito 2001) become a highly prized resource for feedback as well it had helped regulate the control of the conversation. Shannon and Weaver’s transmission model (Shannon Weaver 1949) seems to be the simplest model, and therefore maybe the est. for most situations; however, it lacks the detail in which the complexities of this particular conversation pose, and that need to be addressed, in particular the noise sources. Figure 1 : Transactional model (Source: Shannon Weaver 1949) Fuller’s ecological model is an elaboration of (Alleles 1948) model of â€Å"Who, says what, in which channel, to whom, with what effect† (Fouler 2004) though it takes into account of the use of different languages using modern mediums. This model is an excellent model but focuses on more of the use of the language and the media it is conveyed in and to so much on person to person communications. Figure 2: An Ecological Model of the Communication (Source: Fouler 2004) Union’s expanded model of communication is more complex than Fuller’s as well as Shannon and Weaver’s models, though it is more appropriate to this conversation had between George and Mark due to the fact it shows that in order for the communication to happen the sender must pre-edit and then encode the message pass the message onto the receiver where he decodes and edits the message. Munson also takes into account the use of mechanical, behavioral and semantic actors of encoding, and understands that if the message is to be understood the receiver must be able to decode the message. This is particularly relevant, and highly important to this conversation between George and Mark due to the factors mentioned before. Context Figure 3: An expanded model of communication (Source: Munson 2012) Conclusion I have found Shannon and Weavers transactional model too simple and cannot evaluate the complexities of this situation, and that Fuller’s model too broad and not able to focus on the problems that need to be addressed. Therefore, I believe hat Union’s expanded model of communication is the most adequate to use out of the three models that were written about because Union’s model has shown how a message from George is first pre-edited (thoughts), then encoded (written on paper), passed on through noise (physical, psychological as well as expectations and selective perception), decoded by the receiver (reading Georges writing) and then finally edited to Mark’s own meaning and interpretation. This explains how there was some heated discussions in the past, and will continue to be so until they are able to actively listen’ to each other before they place their own selective perceptions and expectations on their conversation. How to cite Essay and referencing, Essays

Analyzing Concept free essay sample

I have been raised with cats all of my life but we never had a cat neuter or spayed. If one of our cats had kittens then we are responsible for taking care of them and we always managed to either raise them outdoors or find a home for them. Now that I’m raising a male cat indoors it’s a different view for me. I have notice 3 to 4 cats with collars on outside of my apartment complex that roam all day and night looking for food or mates and no one is taking care of them. The problem with the population of stray and homeless cats is overwhelming. Pet owners need to be aware of the benefits and consequences of mandatory spaying and neutering to help decrease the number of cats in this world, there are many facts that can be beneficial in having your cat neutered. Our pets can be healthier, have better behavior, and a decrease in the homeless cats and unnecessary mercy killings. We will write a custom essay sample on Analyzing Concept or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page We should find ways to let a person know and understand the benefits of neutering so they can share with friends, family, neighbors, and anyone they know who has pets. The lack of education, and misconceptions of neutering their cats and dogs is what stands in the way of people getting their pets neutered. Did you know one female cat and her offspring can produce 420,000 cats in 7 years but what’s truly sad is that six to eight million cats who enter shelters each year. Of those, three to four million cats are destroyed. (Maroff, M. 2009). Sandie (my cat) has his appointment set for his neutering procedure this month even if he’s an indoor cat I have learned that it will help reduce the risks of UTI (urinary tract infections) and prevents prostate and testicular cancer, and greatly reduces his risk for perianal tumors. PAWS, 2012). Having your cats neutered also decreases the tendency to spray or mark territory with urine. Which to me that would be the main reason pet owners should have their cat go through this procedure. A misconception that cat owners might have is having your pet neutered will produce a fat and lazy cat however overfeeding and lack of exercise is what makes a fat and lazy cat. Getting this procedure for your cat is considered a safe and routine surger y and recovery time is within a day or two. In the US there are free or low-cost spay/neuter clinics in your community. There should be no logical reason to not have your pet fixed. Most owners who breed purebreds are searching for profit when it comes to their pets but with this economy it’s useless. Not to mention an irresponsible one, considering all of the innocent animals that end up homeless and/or destroyed in overcrowded shelters. The neutering procedures can safely be performed when your cat is at a young age or even later it does not harm the cat. The American Humane Association  (AHA) is a strong advocate of juvenile or pediatric spay/neuter since it is both healthy for pets and effectively reduces pet overpopulation. (AHA, 2011). Neutering of male cats will prevent certain undesirable behaviors, urine marking, humping, male aggression and the urge to want to roam in search of female cats as for spaying your female cat it will eliminate the constant crying and nervous pacing when she’s in heat. Getting your pets fixed will also generally help them to get along with each other and they will live a happier, healthier, longer life. In California, a mandatory spay and neuter law is in effect and requires owners to license their pets, shelters must spay and neuter before adoptions can occur, and requires breeders to pay fees for permits and limits their number of litters per year. (Bockman, 2008). If a pet owner is having problems with their cat they should talk to their Vet about their cat’s behavior and health. Problem cats should be neutered; this recommendation comes from The University of California no matter how old or young the cat maybe. (Norman,W. , n. d. ). Our local shelters do try their best to place animals in loving homes, but homeless cats and dogs out number the willing adopters. So most of the loving and healthy animals in our community must be euthanized as the only humane solution for this dilemma. Only spaying and neutering can end the overpopulation problem of cats and dogs in our community.

Marxs Theory Of Histoy Essays - Marxist Theory, Socialism, Marxism

Marx's Theory Of Histoy The history of all hitherto existing society is the history of class struggles. This crucial opening to The Communist Manifesto holds the key to understanding Karl Marxs conception of history. Marx outlines history as a two dimensional, linear chain of events. A constant progression of class divisions being created and overthrown, one after the other, until the result is the utopian endpoint, otherwise known as communism. Karl Marx, in writing the Communist Manifesto, argued that human history unfolds in a teleological manner; therefore it unfolds according to a distinct series of historical stages, each necessarily following the other. These stages ultimately lead to a given Utopian endpoint, after which there will be no more change, an end to history. Marx thought that these stages can be forecasted, because there are scientific laws, which govern the progress of history. He believed to have discovered these laws and with certainty, predicted the demise of capitalism and the success of communism. According to Marx, the course of human history takes a very specific form, class struggle. The reason for change in the aforementioned historical stages is class animosity. He states, Hitherto, every form of society has been basedon the antagonism of oppressing and oppressed classes. So at any point in time, history can be defined by the relationships between different classes. Using these models, Marx explains his account of feudalism's passing in favor of bourgeois capitalism; and his forecast of bourgeois capitalism's passing in favor of proletarian rule. These changes are not the results of random social, economic, and political events. Each change follows the other in a predictable linear succession. Marx presents a logical explanation for this class progressivism approach to history. According to Marx's account of history, every class is naturally unsound, and predestined for ultimate destruction due to its internal discrepancies. They will then bring rise to a new class, which has settled the discrepancies of its precursor but retains it own, which will cause its eventual passing. In more specific terms, Marx sketches the development of the capitalist bourgeoisie society from feudal society. From the surfs of the middle ages sprang the chartered burghers of the earliest towns. From these burgesses the first elements of the bourgeoisie were developed. (56) So Serfs gave rise to burghers who formed the beginnings of the new bourgeois class. The beginnings of European trade with America and the Far East contributed to the rapid development of the revolutionary element in the tottering feudal society(56). New markets, which became unable to be supported by the feudal systems means of production, caused that system to be replaced by the manufacturing system. The guild-masters were pushed aside by the manufacturing middle class; division of labor between the different corporate guilds vanished in the face of division of labor in a single workshop. (56) And, so, by an inevitable historical process, the modern bourgeoisie is itself the product of a long course of development, of a series of revolutions in the modes of production and of exchange.(57) And each of these has been accompanied by a corresponding political advance in class.(57) At each new change, whichever class represented and controlled the modes of production were also the city policymakers, organizing the affairs of the state to best suit its conditions. In Marxs words, the executive of the modern state is but a committee for managing the common affairs of the bourgeoisie. (57) This idea of the modes of production is another recurring element in Marxs conception of history. The factory process is one mode of production. The guild system as a whole was another, as was feudal slave labor. In bourgeois capitalism, however, there is a definite simplification in the breakdown of the classes people who produce, and who do the work (the proletariat) and those who own the modes of production and pay them to work (the bourgeoisie). Wage labor, the selling of one's productive effort for money, will be the driving force of the next, inevitable historical change. The work of the proletarians has lost all individual character, and consequently all charm for the workman.(61) Workers divorced from the products they make, who live only so long as they find work, and who find work only so

Role of Women in the 19th century essays

Role of Women in the 19th century essays The nineteenth century started a wave of revolution. Advancements were being made in almost every aspect of daily life. People could use electric lights, travel across the country on a railroad, or make use of the new method of transportation, the automobile. Perhaps one of the greatest advancements made in this period of one hundred years was the role women played in society. They were no longer bound to their households, doing daily chores. Instead, they were out there, among the masses, making a difference, and trying to change the way they were viewed. What started as a wave of women entering the workforce, led to women finding their own political voice, and eventually uniting under a common cause. In the wake of the industrial age, many job opportunities became available for women. Inventions such as the telephone switchboard and the typewriter yielded millions of jobs. Middle class women, who had previously been confined to the chores of the household, were now working. This became the new face of women, out in the workforce and independent. The new image was glorified with the creation of the Gibson Girl, a magazine image that romanticized this new concept. These advancements did have their downside. Women were forced to work the same grueling hours as their male counterparts, but with lower wages. However, women entering the working world was just the beginning. Greater things were still to come. With immigration at a rise, and Americas acceptance of the immigrants lagging behind, it was up to a few very ingenious women to make a difference. Jane Adams, who was among the first generation of women to attend and graduate from college sought out to help the large urban population. She attained the old Hull Mansion located in Chicago and transformed it into the Hull House in 1889. At the Hull House she tried to help the new immigrant population acclimate to life in America. This became known as a settlement...

Analysing The Queens Received Pronunciation English Language Essay

Analysing The Queens Received Pronunciation English Language Essay The purpose of this project is to identify if the Queen speaks with the same polished Received Pronunciation (RP) accent today as she did 50 years ago and whether there have been any generational variations to the RP spoken within the Royal Family. Firstly this project will introduce the subject of sociolinguistics with a focus on the differences between accents and dialects and the history and rules pertaining to RP. Secondly, current opinions and attitudes will be discussed along with recent research that has been carried out examining the decline of RP. Lastly it will analyse findings from my own comparisons of three Royal Family dialogues. Sociolinguistics is the study of the relationship between language and society, and how society influences or affects the way in which language is used by individuals or groups (Crystal, 2008). When a person talks it is easy to recognise regional differences in their speech as everyone has an accent or dialect and this can often lead to assump tions about their background, education and even their place in society. It is important to understand the difference between an accent and a dialect as they are two very different aspects of speech. An accent refers to the differences in pronunciation only (Crystal, 2008), for example, a speaker with a southern accent would pronounce /a/ using long vowel /a:/ whereas a speaker with a northern accent would pronounce /a/ with a short vowel /à ¦/: Long vowel, Southern Short vowel, Northern Bath /bÉ‘:ÃŽÂ ¸/ /bà ¦ÃƒÅ½Ã‚ ¸/ Grass /gra:s/ /grà ¦s/ Demand /di:ma:nd/ /di:mà ¦nd/ A dialect however refers to the features of pronunciation along with grammar and vocabulary such as sentence structure and use of verbs. For example: Standard English Regional Dialect She is a good girl She’s a canny lass (Geordie/Newcastle) How are you? Ow bist old butt? (Forest of Dean) He is frightened He’s feeling frit (Lincolnshire) I’ll visit in the Autumn I’ll visi t in the fall (American English) An accent and a dialect can both give an indication as to the speaker’s geographical origin (Crystal, 2008). Due the growing variety of accents and dialects in the UK, a ‘Standard English’ (SE) has emerged that is taught in schools and used in print and broadcasting. It is also the standard taught to speakers of foreign languages. The phrase Received Pronunciation was initially coined in 1869 by the linguist A J Ellis but the phonetician, Daniel Jones, was the first person to adopt it to describe the accent of the social elite (British Library). Received Pronunciation (RP) is an accent that is associated with being typically British and is also known as ‘The Queens English’ or ‘BBC English’ as it is seen as a prestige accent (Graddol, Leith & Swann, 1996). No specific authority gave the accent its special status but as RP is spoken mainly in the south east it is generally associated with that area but it is found all over the country. It is a non specific accent as it gives no indication of a speaker’s geographical origin however it does reveal information about their social and educational background.

Parable of the Sadhu, McKoy Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Parable of the Sadhu, McKoy - Essay Example transmitter of river blindness, in the third world was a serious crisis that lacked the necessary interventions from the United States and other developed international countries. As a matter of fact, these countries consider the business viability of drug manufacturing, rather than the ethical service delivery and elimination of human diseases. The United States effected legislation, in 1978, to help the drug manufacturing industries develop and innovate drug formulations to counter many diseases affecting Americans. This included tax benefits and exclusive marketing rights for the American manufacturers, for the American people. Many people affected by the river blindness disease hailed from the third world countries, where most of the population could not afford low drug prices. The increment of attacks along the rivers caused migration from the fertile and wet lands, and hence created risks for food shortages and abject poverty. This is bound to have adverse effects on agricultural growth and food production, which are vital in economic development. The author implies that an intervention by the US government and other developed nations and organizations, such as the World Health Organization, could have achieved the development of a more effective drug formulation. This could have eased the economic and health burden o n the poor third world population, especially those affected by the river blindness. Merck organizational policies and business ethics are highly contradictory since at some point there was conflict of interest due to fear of failure. Merck could have invested in Dr. William Campbell’s research on the development of an effective drug formulation from the Sample No. 0S3153, which yielded the veterinary Ivomec drug. Failure inevitability in drug innovation and the tediousness, and cost, of the research led to the use of sophisticated research managers, such as Vagelos, and thereby hindered the critical innovation and approval of potential drug

Property Market Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Property Market - Essay Example Lack of infrastructure and basic facilities would lead to downfall in prices of the land and investors will lose faith and retract the investment. This would be huge disaster for any businessman. Therefore before putting a land to sale check the basic amenities and infrastructure and the price of the land accordingly. Apart from state owned properties commercial and residential properties are in boom these days. Resident localities are fast growing and becoming some of the costliest living areas. Commercial properties that fetch income are of many kinds. Commercial show rooms and establishment of corporate offices are touching the heights of the real estate business. Commercial show room owners are ready to pay any amount of money to get a place in the most commercially viable areas. The reasons for the properties producing high income is leasing it out or renting the property for a specified period of time. The value of the commercial and office property keeps growing with the development of the city. With increasing number of tourists visiting the revenue increases. Tourism also plays an important in increasing the price of the land. As population of the country increases the cities start expanding and drag the outskirts into city limits.